ESPIRIT+Mughal

E -economy was geared to warfare and expansion -commerce was in the hands of Christain and Jewish merchants -Constantinople's habors and the Golden Horn were filled with merchents and travelers from throughout the empire and places as far as England and Malaya S -military leaders played a dominant role -king, sultans, vizier, Janissaries are in the rulling classes -beneath the rulling classes, main population of the state were merchants and artisan classes -lowest class are peasants and laborers P -around the last decades of the 13th century, empire was build by one of the Turkic peoples that were either fleeing the Mongols or searching of easy booty called the Ottomans, named after an early leader Osman based in Anatolia -military leaderx played a dominant role -from the 15th century onward, member of the warrior class vied with religious leaders and administrators drawn from other social class for control of expanding Ottoman bureaucracy -built regional and local bases as support -from the mid-15th century, the imperial armies were dominated by Janissaries -Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs -sultan maintain position by playing factions in the warrior elite off each other and pitting the warriors as a whole against the Janissaries and other groups -conquest often meant effective administration and tax relief for people of areas annexed to the empire -day-to-day administration was carried out by a grand vizier, overall head of the imperial administration and often held more real power than sultan -eventhough the empire ruled into the 20th century, it was starting to fall apart during the late 17th century I -Mehmed II restored Constantinople : had the cathedral of Saint Sophia converted into one of the grnadest mosques in the Islamic world, built new mosques, aqueducts and palaces, reopened markets, and repaired the city's defenses -Arabic remained an important for works on law and religion R -built mosques to represent the most sublime contributions of the Ottoman to Islamic -Mehmed II had the cathedral of Saint Sophia converted into one of the grandest mosques in the Islamic world I -used adolescent boys from conquered areas in the imperial armies -Constantinople's great bazaars were filled with merchants and travelers from throughout the empire T -benefited greatly from architectural advances derived from the Byzantine heritage
 * traded spices from the East Indies, ivory to slaves from Africa, forest products from Russia , and fine carpets from Persia
 * by the late 15th century, they were deeply involved in court politic
 * by the mid-16th century, they had the power to depose sultans and decide which one of a dying ruler's sons would be king
 * poorly regulated by the central gov't, many local officials forced peasants and laborers to pay extra taxes and additional services
 * growing problems at the center of imperial administration
 * increasingly influence by Janissary corps
 * absent of new techonologies like of the Europeans, the Ottoman lost their wars on land and also at sea
 * long-term inflationary trend undermined the finances of the empire
 * most spectacular of all mosques were the Suleymaniye, built by Suleyman the Magnificent
 * sultans and powerful administratiors also built mansions, rest houses, religious schools, public and private gardens, and hospitals
 * trading center and coffeehouses for poets and scholars to congregate
 * by 17th century, the Turkish language of the Ottoman court had become the preferred mode of expression for poets and historians as well as language of the Ottoman bureaucracy
 * built many mosques, most spectacular was the Suleymaniye
 * restored Constantinople

Main Idea: The Ottoman Empire was build around the last decade of the 13th centurybased in Anatolia by one of the Turkic groups that were either fleeing the Mongols or searching of easy booty called the Ottomans. The empire was named after an early leader Osman. It was mainly a mitlitary based government with economy geared to warfare and expansion. The empire was ruled by the king, sultans, vizier, and Janissaries. The Ottoman Empire was also well known for their architectures. After taking control of Constantinople, Mehmed II had the cathedral of Saint Sophia converted into one of the grandest mosques in the Islamic world. He also built new mosques, aqueducts and palaces throughout the city. Markets were reopened, and the city's defenses were repaired. Constantinople was restored and became the central trading center for merchants and visitors from throughout the empire and places as far as England and Malaya.

E -Mughal was one of the major overseas destinations for European traders mainly for their famed cotton textiles S -Akbar encouraged widow remarriage and legally prohibit sati, or the burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres, and tried to provide relief for women trapped in purdah, or selection of their homes, by encouraging merchants of Delhi and other cities to set aside special market days for women only -few strong-willed wives took advantage of their husbands' neglect of politics to win positions and power and influence at the Mughal court; Nur Jahan -Shah Jahan built a tomb for his consort, Mumtaz Mahal, much far larger then his own in the Taj Mahal -although position of women at the Mughal court improved in the middle year of the dynasty's power, position of women in the rest of India society declined P -founder of the empire, Babur, originally directed raids into north India only to gain booty to support his campaigns to win back his lost kingdom, Ferghana -Babur's son, Humayan, inherit the kingdom after he died -Akbar took over the throne after his father, Humayan, died at the age of 13 -Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats who formed the core of the supporters of the empire were granted peasant villages for their support. In return, required to maintain a specified number of calvary and to on duty when needed -court and central bureaucracy were supported by revenuedrawn from the tribute paid by military retainers and from taxes -Jahangir's wife, Nur Jahan, continually amassed power as he became more and more addicted to wine and opium -Imperial decline due to internal decay and growing dangers from external enemies -Aurangzeb's schemes to strengthen the empire by extending Mughal control over the whole India subcontinent, and purify Indian Islam by getting rid of Hindu influences weakened the Mughal empire even more -the Mughal empire was far larger than it had been under any earlier emperors by the end of Aurangzeb's reign I -Akbar improved calendar, established living quarters for beggars and vagabonds, and regulate the consumption of alcohol, encouraged widow remarriage and discouraged child marriages -Jahangir and Shah Jahan best remembered as the greatest patrons of the fine arts in human history -Mughal architecture fuses the Islamic genius for domes, arches, and minarets and the balance between them with the Hindu love of ornament -architects and artisants strove to create paradise on earth for their rulers
 * prohibiting sati was a risky move that he made because this custom was deeply entrenched among the Rajput princes and warrior classes
 * child marriage grew popular, age limit lowered; age 9
 * widow remarriage among Hindu died out
 * seclusion strictly enforced for upper-caste women, both Hindu and Muslim
 * practice of sati continue to spread among upper-caste Hindu despite Shah Jahan's efforts to outlaw it
 * ventured forth from homes unveiled = verbal and physical abuse
 * birth of daughter = inauspicious event / birth of son = greeted with feasting and celebrations
 * Humayan lost his kingdom around 1540 and restore it by 1556, but did not live to savor his victory
 * built a military and administrative system that form the backbone of the empire for centuries
 * armie greatly extended the empire with conquest throughout north and central India by reconciled with Hindu and their princes in those areas
 * invented Din-i-Ilahi in hope to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects
 * causing internal rebellions, particularly mounted by the Marattas in western India and rise of new sects, such as the Sikhs in the northwest, put an end to the empire
 * expanded painting workshops
 * devoted massive resources to building some of the most stunning architectural works of all time; the Taj Mahal, became a symbol of India

R -Akbar invented Din-i-Ilahi in hope to unite Hindu and Muslim, but was rejected by both -Jahangir and Shah Jahan best remembered as the greatest patrons of the fine arts in human history expanded painting workshops -Mughal architecture fuses the Islamic genius for domes, arches, and minarets and the balance between them with the Hindu love of ornament -architects and artisants strove to create paradise on earth for their rulers I -Hindu and Muslim aristocrats control their own regions to support the empire as a whole T -Mughal architecture fuses the Islamic genius for domes, arches, and minarets and the balance between them with the Hindu love of ornament -ceramic tiles that used to finish mosques and tombs were substituted with gleaming white marble, inset with semiprecious stones arranged in floral and geometric patterns -extensive use was also made of marble reflecting pools -pools were inlaid with floral patterns and provided with fountains, the rippling water appeared to give life to the stone plant forms
 * devoted massive resources to building some of the most stunning architectural works of all time; the Taj Mahal, became a symbol of India